Old panel houses are especially in need of insulation. This becomes noticeable with the onset of cold weather, when the heating system does not cope with its tasks. To carry out such work today, there are many ways, for example, insulation of the walls of a panel house from the inside. This technology is relevant if external thermal insulation is impossible due to the fact that the facade of the building is not allowed to be touched.
Features of cold wall insulation from the inside
It penetrates the cold outside through the seams in panel houses. If it is not possible to fill them in due to certain circumstances, the insulation should be carried out from the inside. For this, you can use expanded polystyrene or mineral wool. These materials are complemented with foil insulation or separately use insulation paint. Usually, the work involves the installation of a frame, inside which additional insulating layers are laid, overlapped with drywall from above.
If you intend to load the walls with something heavy, then you can apply plaster over the insulation, saving money. When there is no desire to install drywall, you can plaster both foam and mineral wool. In the latter case, the material must have a high density. If you want to prefer mineral wool for insulating a panel house from the inside, then it is better to choose its basalt variety, which is also called stone. This material is good because it is not afraid of moisture and tolerates heat well. At the same time, it is possible to exclude the use of a membrane, which, with external thermal insulation, plays the role of a steam and hydro barrier.
Insulation types
When the walls are insulated inside the apartment of a panel house, one of the many modern solutions can be used. In addition to the above options, it can be expanded polystyrene, which is much easier to work with. But it is important to take into account that the foam does not allow steam to pass through, which means that over time, dampness will form under it, which will cause the formation of fungus and mold.
If you do not want the walls of the apartment to move too far inward, you can choose warm plaster, but the effect from it will be much less than from foam materials. You can also choose modern liquid ceramics. Just 1 mm layer will be enough to equate it with 5 cm of mineral wool. Liquid ceramic consists of air-filled bubbles.
If a store offers you foil insulation, and the seller claims that it can be used as a stand-alone material, you can be sure that this is not the case. The effect of such a layer, of course, will be, but not as significant as they want to imagine.
Minvata
When insulating the walls of a panel house from the inside, you can use mineral wool. But experts advise using it in extreme cases, because it needs to be protected for at least two reasons. The first is that with free access of particles to the room, they can harm human health. The second is expressed in the fact that the mineral wool is saturated with moisture, settles and loses its original properties. Even if you close the insulation layer with a film on both sides, water will still penetrate into it, which over time will nullify all efforts to heat insulation. But if you still want to install it, then you will need to install the frame, and bring the end parts of the material into the profiles.
Insulation from expanded polystyrene
If you want to do the insulation yourself, you can use expanded polystyrene. It can be installed on glue, additionally reinforced with dowels. A fiberglass mesh is applied on top, which is embedded in the plaster. With such insulation of the walls of a panel house from the inside, it is necessary to additionally think over the ventilation system, since the created layer will have low vapor permeability.
Before installing the insulation, you need to remove all old finishes from the walls, including wallpaper. Damage is repaired with putty. Further, the surface can be covered with soil. An acrylic-based composition is perfect. It is better if it has anti-fungal properties. Before installing the insulation, waterproofing should be laid on the wall. You can use plastic wrap for this. Insulation is installed on top, you need to start working from below, installing the plates in a checkerboard pattern.
As soon as the adhesive is completely dry, which will happen in about 2 days, holes can be made in the insulation, which should be 6 pieces per sheet. Dowels will be inserted there, which will further increase the strength of the structure. The end seams should be filled with pieces of insulation. At the next stage, a reinforced mesh is applied, which is recessed in a liquid finishing layer. Put putty on top, which is covered with wallpaper or other decorative material.
Extruded polystyrene foam
Insulation of the walls of a panel house from the inside is often carried out by an extruded type of expanded polystyrene. The work is carried out according to the same algorithm as described above. This material can be selected taking into account the density, which reaches 47 kg / m3. This indicator affects the strength of the material, but in a room it is not too important. The formed layer will be flammable, therefore it must be well protected from ignition. For more convenient installation, you should choose products with a groove on the edges. It provides a snug fit of the plates to each other.
Styrofoam use
When insulating the walls of a panel house from the inside, polystyrene is rarely used, since its effect on health has not been proven. If it is necessary to carry out work in the area of the ceiling, then it is better to mount from the attic side. When buying this material, it is important to exclude the artisanal method of production by requesting a certificate confirming the quality.
Application of keramoizol
If you want to insulate the walls with your own hands, you should consider liquid thermal insulation, which is made on the basis of polymer resins. Among the ingredients are mineral fillers, which are in the form of balls. They provide thermal energy reflection. When applied, the composition and balls are polymerized, which allows you to get an imitation of a thermos.
This material allows not only to insulate the walls, but also to make them more protected from the penetration of extraneous noise. This relatively new material is sold in containers of different sizes. It is characterized by the qualities of vapor and water resistance, as well as durability. Installation consists in the formation of several layers. To achieve the best effect, you need to apply 6 coats. The direction of movement of the brush should be perpendicular between sets. The only drawback of this solution is the high cost.
Insulation penoizol
Insulation of the walls of a panel house from the inside is sometimes carried out with penoizol. It is a liquid version of polystyrene, which is made directly on the construction site and poured into hollow structures or formwork. In this case, we are talking about carbamide foam, which is rather difficult to use in domestic conditions.
The work is inexpensive, the result is practical, and the manipulation time is reduced. Penoizol has a low density, is ready to serve for a long time and is characterized by insignificant thermal conductivity.The layer is not dangerous in the event of a fire, the material has the qualities of environmental friendliness and cannot create suitable conditions for the emergence of biological life.
Using astratek
For internal insulation of a panel house, astratek can be used, which is liquid thermal insulation. The structure of the material is microporous. With it, you can form a seamless coating that significantly reduces heat loss without creating additional loads on walls and floors.
With such insulation of a panel house from the inside, you can be sure that the material can be used under different temperature conditions, as well as on different objects. The material adheres well to the surface, excludes corrosion, and contains organic solvents among the ingredients.
Is the insulation of the facade of the house a major overhaul
The distinction between the concepts of capital and current repairs is a very controversial topic for all participants in legal relations in the field of housing and communal services: owners of premises, management companies, housing inspectorates, regional capital repair funds and legislative authorities. In the courts, the practice is also not settled - often decisions contradict each other.
Since the main area of my activity in recent years has been the legal basis for the repair of the facade of apartment buildings, I will consider this problem using the example of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
In this region, the supporting structures of houses built before the 2000s have lost their heat-shielding properties, and therefore residents, at their own expense, produce external wall insulation in order to avoid freezing and to achieve a normal temperature regime in apartments. Based on the judicial practice of other regions, this situation occurs in almost the entire northern part of the country - in particular, in the Vladimir, Ivanovo and Kirov regions (for example, the decision of the Slobodsky District Court of the Kirov Region of March 10, 2020 in case No. 2-1957 / 2015 , Frunzensky District Court of the city of Ivanovo dated April 7, 2020 in case No. 2-628 / 2015, Sosnogorsk City Court of the Komi Republic dated December 3, 2020 in case No. 2-1015 / 2015 and others).
From a technical point of view, the insulation of the outer wall is not a renovation of an apartment building. These actions are aimed at modernizing, improving the condition of common property, even relative to the original position. From a legal point of view, the named activity cannot be qualified as part of one of the well-established concepts - current, major repairs, reconstruction or redevelopment.
A tendency has developed when apartment owners began to demand that the management companies carry out work on the insulation of the outer walls.
Until July 2020, judicial practice in the Nizhny Novgorod region was developed in the interests of the owners of premises (consumers of utilities of management companies).
The courts proceeded from the following.
The rules for maintaining common property in an apartment building, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2006 No. 491, establish that the walls are classified as common property. According to the Rules and Regulations for the technical operation of the housing stock, approved by the resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction and Housing and Utilities Complex No. 170 dated September 27, 2003 (hereinafter referred to as Rules No. 170), the organization for servicing the housing stock must ensure the restoration of heat engineering above basements), acoustic, waterproofing (floors in sanitary facilities) properties of ceilings, as well as thermal and waterproofing of the adjacent external walls, sanitary devices and other elements (clause 4.3.1), the specified temperature and humidity conditions inside the building; heat and moisture protection of external walls (clause 4.2.1.1).In addition, it is stipulated that sections of walls that freeze or damp due to insufficient thermal protection must be insulated (clause 4.2.1.12).
In Appendix No. 2 to MDK 2-04.2004 "Methodological Guide for the Maintenance and Repair of Housing Stock" (approved by the State Construction Committee of Russia), it is stated that the insulation of freezing wall sections in individual rooms is included in the list of works included in the payment for current housing repairs. Works over 15% of the total area of the common property are capital works.
In Appendix No. 7 to VSN 58-88 (r) "Regulations on the organization and implementation of reconstruction, repair and maintenance of buildings, communal and socio-cultural facilities" (approved by order of the State Committee for Architecture and Construction under the USSR State Construction Committee No. 312 of November 23, 1988) it is indicated that the insulation of the freezing sections of the walls in individual rooms is included in the list of basic works for the current repair of buildings and objects.
According to Art. 161 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the management of an apartment building should ensure favorable and safe living conditions in it, as well as the proper maintenance of common property. The composition of the minimum list of services and works necessary to ensure the proper maintenance of common property, as well as the procedure for their provision and implementation, are established by the Government of the Russian Federation (part 1.2).
In pursuance of this provision of the Code, the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 3, 2013 No. 290 was issued "On the minimum list of services and works necessary to ensure the proper maintenance of common property in an apartment building, and the procedure for their provision and implementation" (hereinafter - the Minimum List) , according to clause 3 of which management companies are obliged to inspect the building envelopes for violations of heat-shielding properties, waterproofing between the basement of the building and the walls; identification of traces of corrosion, deformations and cracks in the locations of reinforcement and embedded parts, the presence of cracks in the places where the inner transverse walls adjoin to the outer walls made of load-bearing and self-supporting panels; identification of damage in masonry, the presence and nature of cracks, weathering, deviation from the vertical and bulging of individual sections of the walls, disruption of connections between individual structures in houses with walls made of small blocks, artificial and natural stones. In case of revealing these violations, including the loss of thermal protection of the enclosing structures, the management company is obliged to develop a plan for their elimination and implement it.
According to the order of the Government of the Nizhny Novgorod Region of November 11, 2010 No. 2358-r, organizations responsible for the maintenance of apartment buildings, at the expense of payments for the maintenance and repair of common property, must insulate part of the outer walls to eliminate freezing and increase the energy efficiency of the building.
There are many examples of this practice. In particular: the decisions of the Kstovsky City Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region of November 8, 2017 in case No. 2-1680 / 2017; Leninsky District Court of N. Novgorod dated October 20, 2020 in case No. 2-1437 / 2017; Prioksky District Court of N. Novgorod dated September 13, 2020 in case No. 2-1386 / 2017; Dzerzhinsky City Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region dated August 30, 2017 in case No. 2-2433 / 2017; Avtozavodsky District Court of N. Novgorod dated June 14, 2020 in case No. 2-2561 / 2017; Volodarsky District Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region dated November 7, 2020 in case No. 2-415 / 2016; Leninsky District Court of Vladimir from November 25, 2014 in case No. 2-1694 / 2014 and others.
Changes in the Nizhny Novgorod region occurred after the adoption of the Resolution of the Presidium of the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Court dated July 11, 2020 in case No. 4g-1682/2018 (44g-34/2018). With the release of this judicial act, the courts began to consider cases on such disputes extremely superficially, reducing all circumstances to the concept of major repairs.
In the aforementioned document, the court indicated that the work on the insulation of the facade, even on an area of 1 sq. cm are considered a major overhaul, since, in his opinion, a new structural element is being created on the facade (insulation), which did not exist before.
Many courts began to be guided by the above conclusions when making decisions (see, for example, the decisions of the Dzerzhinsky City Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region of November 27, 2020 in case No. 2-3107 / 2018; Sovetsky District Court of N. Novgorod of April 1, 2019 No. in case No. 2-1297 / 2019; Moskovsky District Court of N. Novgorod dated November 22, 2020 in case No. 2-1607 / 2018, etc.).
At the same time, the previous practice has survived, when the courts proceed from the fact that insulation in the event of damage to the owner's property is not a type of capital work, but is included in the specified Minimum List as the only possible way to eliminate violations of the heat-shielding properties of enclosing structures (see the decisions of Borsky the City Court of the Nizhny Novgorod Region dated January 10, 2020 in case No. 2-48 / 2019; Nizhny Novgorod District Court of the city of N. Novgorod dated May 13, 2020 in case No. 2-617 / 2019, etc.).
In my opinion, the conclusion of the courts about the capital nature of the work on the insulation of the facade is very controversial.
Let us turn to Regulation No. 170. According to their section II, the current repair of the building includes a complex of construction and organizational and technical measures in order to eliminate malfunctions (restore operability) of elements, equipment and engineering systems to maintain operational performance.
As indicated in Part 2 of Art. 166 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the regulatory legal act of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the list of services and (or) work on the overhaul of the common property of an apartment building financed from the capital repair fund, the amount of which is formed based on the minimum contribution established by the regulatory legal act of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, may be supplemented services and (or) facade insulation works.
The law of the Nizhny Novgorod region of November 28, 2013 No. 159 (article 20) (hereinafter - the Law of the Nizhny Novgorod region No. 159) really provides for the possibility of facade insulation, but with a significant caveat - the regional legislator for some reason established that facade insulation is carried out exclusively in volumes required to restore the design values of the thermal protection of the building.
Since the insulation of the facade using modern technologies will always result in an improvement in the technical condition of the walls relative to the design values, the norms of Art. 166 of the RF LC and the Law of the Nizhny Novgorod Region No. 159 do not reflect reality at all: insulation in all cases will lead to an improvement, not a restoration of the previous design values.
It follows from this that the only correct position in this situation is that the work to eliminate the violation of heat-shielding properties in a single room belongs to the mandatory work of management companies provided for by the Minimum List, but in volumes over 15% of the total facade area - capital types works.
The solution of this complex legal issue will, in my opinion, be facilitated by the clarification of legislation by adopting an order of the regional government.
It is necessary to consolidate the following responsibilities of management companies:
- go out with an inspection to the place and draw up an act based on the results of an examination of the premises and the external condition of the walls;
- if in the last two years no instrumental examination (with the help of thermal imaging equipment) of the walls of the applicant's apartment and the entire apartment building has been carried out for violations of the heat-shielding properties of the enclosing structures (freezing), such a study should be carried out (Minimum list);
- in case of revealing areas of freezing of walls with an area of less than 15% of the entire facade of the house, make external insulation of individual rooms on their own and at the expense of current repairs;
- after insulating individual plots, recommend that management companies hold general meetings of owners of apartment buildings to account for the insulation produced in the house overhaul program;
- when detecting areas of freezing of walls with an area of more than 15% of the total facade, notify all owners of the premises of an apartment building about this fact and send the materials of the instrumental study to the local administration to make a decision to postpone the overhaul in this part, and also initiate a general meeting of owners to determine the date of repair.
The adoption of these measures is relevant not only for the Nizhny Novgorod region. The result will contribute to the resolution of other disputes over the determination of the type of work (capital or current) to eliminate violations in the housing and utilities sector.
The proposals made are justified by the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (in particular, by the definitions of August 21, 2020 No. 302-ES19-13268 and of August 27, 2020 No. 307-ES19-14880), according to which management companies cannot stay idle, even if for restoration of the technical condition of the common property of an apartment building, it is necessary to carry out capital work.
Installation of insulation on brick walls
Before starting work, it is important to decide which material will act as a heater. For a start, it is important to weigh all the pros and cons and understand that condensation during internal insulation will form in any case. If you nevertheless decide to install polystyrene or any other material from the side of the room, then you must fix a vapor barrier film on the wall, which will go to the ceiling and floor. Seams are glued with tape, they must be laid with an overlap on top of each other.
Now you can install the lathing, the spacing between the elements of which should be less than the width of the used thermal insulation, if it is elastic. In depth, the frame must correspond to the thickness of the insulation. Thermal insulation plates are laid out in the cells, they are covered with vapor barrier over them, the seams are sealed. The next layer will be a counter-lattice, which is sheathed with chipboard or any other sheet material. This work is necessary in order to ensure that the materials inside are as well ventilated as possible.
Thermal insulation of walls using the electric floor method
If you decide to abandon the installation of extruded polystyrene foam, replacing this method with wall insulation using the electric floor method, then you must weigh all the positive and negative aspects of this technology. Experts say that good heat transfer cannot be obtained in this case. The heating components will be located in the wall, and the heat will have to make its way through the trim or drywall. In this case, the space will warm up only a few tens of centimeters from the wall, while the heated air will immediately rise upward. The result will be the need to install an additional electric heater, which will entail costs.
If wallpaper and tile decor are glued on the walls as a finishing finish, you may be faced with the fact that the materials will move away from the surface with constant heating. With such a heating arrangement, it will not be possible to put pieces of furniture or electrical equipment against the wall, since they will quickly fail, in addition, they will block the air flows.
Having installed such a heating system, you will encounter impressive heat losses, because the energy will go not only inside the room, but also outside the house. Foil thermal insulation is placed under the infrared fabric (to exclude such phenomena), but this only aggravates the situation, and the heating even decreases. Such walls, where the electric cable is laid, will no longer be used for hanging equipment and furniture. The same condensation will form between the warm and cold surface of the wall, which cannot but become a serious obstacle to equipping such a heating system.
Methods for external insulation of buildings
Insulation of the facade should begin with the dismantling of all protruding elements, cleaning and priming with fresh plaster. And after all the events, it is important to complete correct placement removed lighting fixtures.
Thermal insulation today occurs with the use of modern facade insulation technologies. There are 2 main ways:
- the first is a multi-layer plastering method;
- the second is hinged.
They differ in the method of fastening and decorative finishes.
Wet option, how to create a plaster facade
Warming method external walls the facade of the apartment from the outside can be light or heavy.
| Light form | Severe form |
| Insulation thickness is small, mesh is not used. | A limiting layer of insulation using a reinforcing mesh and subsequent application of plaster. |
Thanks to the wet facade, the insulation technology is quite clear and simple. It provides thermal insulation parameters, improves sound insulation and the appearance of the house.
At the first stage, preparatory processing of the outer walls is carried out. Then the heaters are fixed. They can be synthetic or mineral. After that comes the reinforcing mesh. She prepares the foundation for the next layer.
The decorative effect is provided by the plaster coating. It not only protects insulation from external influences, but also gives a beautiful appearance to the facade.
Suspended option as creating a ventilated facade
This multi-layer method is remarkable in that the insulation is mounted at a distance from the building. Heat-insulating heaters are attached to the wall with brackets. A system is fixed on top, which consists of rack profiles, on which facing slabs... They form the appearance of the facade.
The air gap is specially made so that diffusion moisture does not accumulate, and then the thermal insulation does not lose its properties. Moisture exchange in the building structure takes place naturally, without condensation.
Figure 5. Decorative finishing of the facade.
In the decoration they use:
- fiber cement materials, which are highly durable and flexible;
- porcelain stoneware, with a characteristic structural pattern of natural stone;
- agglomerate granite tiles - the most expensive facing material;
- composite panels;
- monolithic component made of aluminum composite material;
- galvanized steel metal cassettes.
The types of finishes are varied, but their use is limited by specific features and technical properties, as well as cost. Such a facade removes the problem of overheating of the outer walls on hot days.
