According to fire safety rules, the arrangement around stoves, fireplaces and fuel boilers should be carried out using refractory special materials that can simultaneously protect a residential or utility building (bathhouse) from possible fire hitting the walls, and at the same time not harm health.
Any stove or fireplace heats up to create a favorable home atmosphere, they radiate a strong heat, which in turn can be a source of ignition or fire. Therefore, it is important to carefully choose the right materials when arranging a heat source in a house, bathhouse or basement when it comes to a fuel boiler.
Types of materials
Refractory materials can be roughly divided according to the method of heat transfer:
- Heat-reflecting - aimed at reflecting infrared radiation into the interior of the room;
- Preventing loss due to their physical and chemical properties.
On the video of refractory materials for the walls around the furnaces:
But all of them can also differ in the type of raw materials from which they are produced:
- With organic ingredients, for example, polystyrene foam materials, although their refractory index is very low, they are best suited for walls near furnaces with low heating;
- Inorganic - This is an extensive class of non-combustible materials for insulation of walls of various fire resistance, including very flammable ones, such as wooden floors. These include stone and basalt wool, pressed into large slabs, fiberglass wool, lightweight cellular concrete slabs with fire retardant impregnations, honeycomb plastics, foamed perlite or vermiculite, polypropylene. However, such a beautiful decorative thing as Leroy Merlin plastic sheet is definitely not suitable.
- Mixed type - these include asbestos-cement refractories, asbestos-lime or silica, foamed from a variety of inorganic substances.
Basic requirements for refractory materials
Many suburban buildings are erected from wood, whether it is a cylinder or frame house, it is difficult to survive the frosty winter without a stove or fireplace, therefore they are very careful about their arrangement, and such materials are chosen around the stoves so that they are:
- Effectively and reliably prevented any attempt at fire;
- Environmentally friendly, so that when heated, they do not emit harmful substances into the home air.
What is the composition of the kiln plaster solution that exists and is most often used, the information from this article will help to understand.
But what are the dimensions of the standard kiln brick, you can see here.
You may also be interested in knowing what kind of brick is used for laying stoves.
For walls around ovens
A long time ago, people used asbestos sheets to cover the walls around stoves, but it turned out to be very harmful to health and the environment - its microparticles can get into the lungs or settle on things, which leads to serious ailments, and when heated, they are also released carcinogenic substances. Therefore, the best materials can be considered:
Fire resistant gypsum board. can serve as the basis for wall cladding around hot-heated stoves, and for decoration you can use porcelain stoneware tiles of the most unusual colors.
Sheets have the following characteristics:
- Fire-resistant indicator - up to 30 minutes of resistance to fire;
- Does not ignite until 1 hour of time even after the formation of a fire center;
- Slab parameters - 120 x 250 x 1.25;
- On the front and back sides, gypsum-treated cardboard, inside there are fiberglass threads that will resist fire;
- The ends of the sheets are covered with cardboard material, along them there is a mating chamfer;
- Fasteners can be carried out both on adhesives and on self-tapping screws.
Refractory minirite slabs. The material is distinguished by excellent heat-resistant properties, it is made exclusively from environmentally friendly substances, including:
- Compositions of white or gray cement make up up to 90% of the total material;
- Mineral fiber materials included;
- Fiber reinforcement plates are used for strength and durability.
Asbestos fiber is absolutely excluded from the composition, which improves the quality of the material for the home stove. It is easy to fix it to the wall with screws close to the wall itself; for reliability, you can mount 2 sheets of minrite each. Note! Leave a small distance during installation, as the material may increase in size when heated. For other walls, you can choose a similar decorative brick finish.
Protective stainless sheets - a little expensive, but reliable refractory material, with which you can protect not only the walls of the house, but also the basement, when installing a heating boiler. But in order to provide the greatest protection, special fiberglass with thermal protective properties should be laid under the stainless steel - the structure will reliably protect the house from any attempts to start a fire. Choose a substrate carefully so that it does not contain harmful phenolic resins; when heated, they release substances that are too hazardous to health.
Heat Resistant Basalt Fiber Material, pressed into mats - is characterized by hygroscopicity, a high degree of resistance to fire, can remain unchanged at temperatures up to 900 degrees Celsius.
Superisol sheets for wall insulation - a practical and versatile thermal insulation material, with a low specific weight and excellent strength and durability.
Wall insulation with heat-resistant terracotta tiles... The main advantage is the complete environmental friendliness of the material, they do not contain any chemical coloring compositions, they have excellent vapor permeability and fireproof properties. Glazed ceramic tiles for interior wall cladding also look beautiful.
For wall decoration under the boiler
A gas or steam boiler heats up very much in order to provide heat transfer to the house at the desired temperature of the carrier. Therefore, experts recommend equipping the walls with porcelain stoneware tiles with a high degree of fire resistance. The characteristics are the most reliable - it can withstand high temperatures without visible signs of fire.
It is also allowed to use sheets of fibers impregnated with gypsum, installation is very easy by sticking on walls, but plastic panels for brick for interior wall decoration are not recommended, since they do not meet fire safety requirements.
Recently, a sheet of xylolite fiber has begun to gain popularity, since it meets all environmental properties in terms of purity and the absence of any harmful emissions, even at elevated temperatures of about 1000 degrees. Also, the material is very flexible, these properties allow you to sheathe the most curved wall surfaces. It can perfectly withstand humid and damp air, its main characteristics do not change.
What it is?
All building materials have varying degrees of thermal conductivity.Some, despite their large thickness, easily allow heat to pass through, while others, even with a small thickness, restrain heat loss. A heat insulator is a material with low thermal conductivity. Its use for the manufacture of insulation structures helps to reduce the heat transfer of the building. Considering the question of what is thermal insulation, it should be borne in mind that this is a material that, when properly installed, performs the function of a thermos for the house.
Now on sale there are different types of insulation. In shape, they are sheet, roll, free-flowing, sprayed, etc. Due to the presence of a large number of varieties, you can choose the best option for insulating walls, roofs, floors, etc.
Parameters that the insulation material must comply with
Insulation for a home should differ in a number of characteristics that must be taken into account in order to choose the best thermal insulation material. These include:
- low thermal conductivity;
- hygroscopicity;
- vapor barrier;
- fire resistance;
- high ability to trap noise pollutants;
- biostability;
- environmental friendliness;
- durability;
- resistance to deformation;
- ease of installation.
The main parameter for choosing such a material is the indicator of thermal efficiency. The lower it is, the more heat energy will be stored in the room. In addition, the ratio of heat conductivity to layer thickness is important. The thinnest and at the same time having a high coefficient of thermal conductivity is polyurethane foam.
The second most important parameter that should be paid attention to is hygroscopicity, i.e. ability to absorb moisture. Materials that are highly hygroscopic are more suitable for internal thermal insulation. When forming an insulating cake outside the home using such materials, additional waterproofing may be required, since soaking them with water leads to a loss of thermal insulation properties. However, if the likelihood of contact with water is high, it is better to choose materials that are characterized by low hygroscopicity.
Another important parameter that you should pay attention to is vapor permeability. Some insulation materials do not allow water vapor to pass through at all. This is not always a good thing. contributes to the violation of the indoor microclimate. Vapor-permeable heaters are capable of passing humid air to the walls and back, while they should not be saturated with moisture. This helps to retain heat and maintain normal humidity in the room. There is no risk of fungus appearing under the coating
It is important that the building insulation is able to withstand high temperatures. It is not uncommon for such materials to burn with the release of a large amount of heat. The combustion temperature of basalt wool is 1000 ° C. It is best to opt for non-combustible and self-extinguishing materials.
Environmental friendliness is an equally important parameter. Natural materials are safer. They do not emit harmful substances into the air that can accumulate in the human body, causing serious disturbances. Some of them are not recommended for interior use.
It should be borne in mind that not all modern thermal insulation materials are capable of suppressing noise pollutants. If this parameter is important, it is better to give preference to polyurethane foam or mineral wool. Most of the other varieties have the worst sound insulation characteristics.
The durability of the material is influenced by its biostability. If the insulation is affected by mold and mildew, it will quickly lose its properties. Also important is the resistance to deformation of building insulation. Houses are capable of shrinking, which creates an additional load on the thermal insulation layer. In addition, a product that is resistant to mechanical stress is necessary for the arrangement of floors.
Most of the materials are available in convenient forms, i.e. sheets, rolls, mats, etc. This simplifies their installation. However, there are sprayable types that require the use of special equipment. They are effective insulation materials for walls, roofs and floors. their application to the surface does not contribute to the formation of gaps through which heat loss can occur, however, installation work in most cases requires additional expenses for hiring specialists.
Many modern heaters do not always meet all the requirements, but at the same time they differ in relatively low cost. More expensive building materials are the closest to the desired performance.
Manufacturers and prices
- Basalt fiber panels cost of 1 sq. meter - from 390 to 690 rubles, depending on the decor of the front side, produced by ESCAPLAT;
Roll refractory nonwoven fabric - cost of 1 running meter from 112 rubles, production of OgneuporEnergoHolding, LLC, Moscow;
- Non-flammable composition for plastering walls with a volume of 20 liters at a price of 410 rubles a bucket, produced by a company from Perm.
Reflective insulation is a roll-up material that consists of a base layer and a reflective layer. The latter is represented by a foil with a high reflectance from 90%. Any insulating material with good physical and mechanical properties can be taken as a basis, and reinforced meshes are used to enhance the qualities.
Mineral wool
Minvata is suitable for indoor and outdoor use, there are roll types and solid slabs
The heat insulator is also known as basalt, stone, mineral wool. One of the distinctive properties of the material is safety in use.
Has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.077-0.12 W / m * K. It is considered one of the best heat insulators in terms of its characteristics.
Benefits:
- Lack of harmful substances in the composition. Environmentally friendly and organic heat insulator.
- Withstands prolonged exposure to high and low temperatures.
- Not susceptible to infection by fungus, mold.
- Not subject to combustion. The fibers of the product melt, but no further spread of fire occurs.
- It is used in the insulation of any buildings at any stage of construction, decoration or operation.
The disadvantages include the need to build a false wall. Without it, it is impossible to install thermal insulation. Also, insulating stone wool is expensive.
The thickness of the laying in the middle lane is 15-20 cm, and in the warm southern regions - up to 10 cm.
Principle of operation
To understand the principle of operation of such insulation, consider the main methods of transferring heat from one coating to another:
Thus, heat loss is inevitable. It turns out that in order to create the effect of thermal insulation, it is necessary to minimize heat loss from radiation. But traditional TIMs are not able to protect a building from this type of heat transfer. And the optimal material was found - foil insulation, known for its reflective and low emitting ability.
Reflective insulation works on all heat transfer processes: radiation, convection and heat conduction, inhibiting heat loss.
Manufacturers
A large number of similar materials from different manufacturers are now on the market.Quality options that are distinguished by the best performance characteristics and are safe for people are produced under the following brands:
- Rockwool.
- Isover.
- Ursa.
- Knauf.
- Izovol.
- TechnoNICOL.
- Beltep.
- Europlex.
- Penoplex.
Each manufacturer produces a line of products designed for surface insulation, so it is possible to choose the best option.
Nuances of use
So, there are several nuances of using such heaters:
- deposited aluminum spraying on a polyethylene or lavsan film does not reflect infrared heat waves;
- a thick layer of foil is needed for the radiation to really reflect;
- for weak heat waves, a thin sprayed layer of 20-30 angstroms is enough;
- it is impossible to determine the thickness of the layer by eye.
The vapor permeability of foil-clad TIM is 0.001 mg / m * h * Pa. The technical resistance parameter must be indicated in the documentation of the reflecting TIM. In the absence of it, this means that the material has not been tested for reflectivity, which means that it cannot be used as insulation.
Features of heaters
It is necessary to choose insulation according to its properties for each specific case.
A heat insulator is a material that has low thermal conductivity and protects the room from heat loss. It is used for insulation of residential and non-residential buildings. Heat-resistant high-temperature materials for stoves are used in the bath and sauna. It is better to choose a waterproof insulation so that the installation of waterproofing is not required.
The range of insulation materials is wide. They differ in their composition, structure, thermal conductivity, vapor and waterproofing properties, and application conditions. They can be used to insulate the floor, ceiling, pipeline, building facade and other important parts of the house. A prerequisite is that a material that does not transmit heat to the outside must have a low level of thermal conductivity. Determining the appropriate look depends on the application and the type of surface to be insulated.
Advantages and disadvantages
The performance characteristics of such material are as follows:
- for production, polyethylene and foil are used, which are acceptable for the food industry, and therefore the material meets hygienic standards;
- polished aluminum foil reflects up to 97%, emitting no more than 5% of thermal energy;
- a layer of air bubbles in polyethylene foam provides additional thermal resistance, which does not transmit heat according to the principle of thermal conductivity;
- insulation is fireproof, non-flammable and refers to hardly flammable materials;
- low weight and compactness of rolls make it convenient to transport and store them;
- reducing heat loss reduces heating costs, the cost of thermal insulation of the room in comparison with the cost of other materials.
Minuses
Reflective insulation has the following disadvantages. Firstly, its softness - the lack of rigidity makes it impossible to finish the insulation with plaster and wallpaper. Secondly, fastening is carried out easily only with materials on an adhesive basis (type C), and for the installation of other models, you will have to stock up on adhesive.
Thirdly, nailing the material degrades the thermal insulation qualities. Finally, when insulating external walls, it can only be used as an additional layer that reflects heat and protects against moisture.
The most popular brands of such insulation today are Porileks NPE-LF, Ekofol and Penofol, BestIzol. Manufacturers Ursa, Isover and Rockwool produce reflective insulation based on mineral wool of various densities and thicknesses. The modern market offers foil-clad TIM in the form of mats and cylinders, which are convenient for insulating pipelines.
BestIsol
BestIzol is a vapor, heat and sound insulation material with a reflective ability, in the production of which closed cell polyethylene foam and aluminum foil are used. The thickness of polyethylene foam can vary from 2 to 10 mm, and the thickness of the foil - from 7 to 14 mm, depending on the brand.
There can be several modifications:
- type A - polyethylene foam with one-sided foil;
- type B - with double-sided foil;
- type C - foil is applied on one side, and glue with a layer of anti-adhesive material on the other.
This type of reflector is effective not only for insulating residential buildings, but also for insulating ships, ventilation ducts, vans, and metal structures.
Lightness and strength allows this TIM to be built into metal structures by fixing it to the frame. This will not require additional expenses for the construction of temporary structures, gratings for securing the insulation.
Aluminum tape
Adhesive tape is used for seams of reflective insulation elements. Types F-20 and F-30 are foils with a thickness of 20 and 30 microns, respectively, with an adhesive coating and permanent stickiness. Protection of the adhesive layer is provided by a material with anti-adhesive characteristics.
FL-50 type - combined from 20 µm aluminum foil and 20 µm polyethylene film, also with adhesive application and anti-adhesion material. In addition to foil, film and glue, the reinforced adhesive tape contains a fiberglass mesh. The characteristics of aluminum tape are as follows:
- high strength, wear resistance and reflection of UVF rays and infrared rays, which makes it effective;
- durability of the adhesive layer, which gives a high-quality connection;
- the material can be used at temperatures up to 350С;
- has high moisture resistance.
Inorganic insulation materials.
Inorganic thermal insulation materials include mineral wool, glass fiber, penny glass, expanded perlite and vermiculite, asbestos-containing thermal insulation products, cellular concrete, etc.
Mineral wool and products from it. Mineral wool is a fibrous thermal insulation material obtained from silicate melts. The raw materials for its production are rocks (limestones, marls, diorites, etc.), waste from the metallurgical industry (blast furnace and fuel slags) and the building materials industry (broken clay and silicate bricks).
The production of mineral wool consists of two main technological processes: obtaining a silicate melt and converting this melt into the finest fibers. The silicate melt is formed in the cupola furnaces of shaft smelting furnaces, into which mineral raw materials and fuel (coke) are loaded. The melt with a temperature of 1300-1400 ° C is continuously discharged from the bottom of the furnace.
There are two ways to convert the melt into mineral fiber: blowing and centrifugal. The essence of the blowing method lies in the fact that a stream of water vapor or compressed gas acts on the stream of liquid melt flowing out of the cupola taphole. The centrifugal method is based on the use of centrifugal force to transform the melt jet into the finest mineral fibers 2-7 microns thick and 2-40 mm long. The resulting fibers are deposited in the fiber deposition chamber on a moving conveyor belt. Mineral wool is a loose material consisting of the finest intertwined mineral fibers and a small amount of vitreous inclusions (balls, cylinders, etc.), the so-called beads.
The fewer the cotton balls, the higher its quality.
Depending on the density, mineral wool is subdivided into grades 75, 100, 125 and 150. It is fire-resistant, does not decay, is low-hygroscopic and has a low thermal conductivity of 0.04 - 0.05 W (m ° C).
Mineral wool is fragile, and a lot of dust is generated during its installation, therefore, the wool is granulated, i.e. o turn into loose lumps - granules.They are used as thermal insulation backfill for hollow walls and ceilings. The mineral wool itself is, as it were, a semi-finished product from which a variety of heat-insulating mineral wool products are made: felt, mats, semi-rigid and rigid plates, shells, segments, etc.
Glass wool and glass wool products. Glass wool is a material composed of randomly arranged glass fibers obtained from molten raw materials. The raw material for the production of glass wool is a raw material mine for glass melting (quartz sand, soda ash and sodium sulfate) or glass breakage. The production of glass wool and glass wool products consists of the following technological processes: melting of glass melt in bath furnaces at 1300-1400 ° C, production of fiberglass and molding of products.
Fiberglass from the molten mass is obtained by drawing or blowing methods. Fiberglass is pulled out by bar (by heating glass rods until melted, followed by pulling them into glass fiber, wound on rotating drums) and by spunbond (by pulling fibers from molten glass through small filter holes with subsequent winding of fibers on rotating drums) methods. In the blowing method, molten glass melt is atomized by a jet of compressed air or steam.
Depending on the purpose, they produce textile and heat-insulating (staple) fiberglass. The average diameter of the textile fiber is 3-7 microns, and the heat-insulating fiber is 10-30 microns.
Glass fibers are considerably longer than mineral wool fibers and are characterized by greater chemical resistance and strength. The density of glass wool is 75-125 kg / m3, thermal conductivity is 0.04-0.052 W / (m / ° C), the maximum temperature for using glass wool is 450 ° C. Mats, plates, strips and other products, including woven ones, are made of fiberglass.
Foam glass is a heat-insulating material of a cellular structure. The raw material for the production of foam glass products (slabs, blocks) is a mixture of finely crushed glass broken with gassing (ground limestone). The raw mixture is poured into molds and heated in furnaces to 900 ° C, while the particles melt and the gasifier decomposes. The evolved gases swell the molten glass, which, when cooled, turns into a durable material with a cellular structure
Foam glass has a number of valuable properties that distinguish it favorably from many other heat-insulating materials: foam glass porosity 80-95%, pore size 0.1-3 mm, density 200-600 kg / m3, thermal conductivity 0.09-0.14 W / ( m, / (m * ° С), the ultimate compressive strength of the foam glass is 2-6 MPa In addition, the foam glass is characterized by water resistance, frost resistance, fire resistance, good sound absorption, it is easy to handle with a cutting tool.
Foam glass in the form of plates with a length of 500, a width of 400 and a thickness of 70-140 mm is used in construction to insulate walls, ceilings, roofs and other parts of buildings, and in the form of semi-cylinders, shells and segments - to insulate heating units and heating networks, where the temperature does not exceed 300 ° C. In addition, foam glass serves as a sound-absorbing and at the same time finishing material for auditoriums, cinemas and concert halls.
Asbestos-containing materials and products. Materials and products made of asbestos fiber without additives or with the addition of binders include asbestos paper, cord, fabric, plates, etc. Asbestos can also be part of the compositions from which various heat-insulating materials are made (sovelite, etc.). In the materials and products under consideration, the valuable properties of asbestos are used: temperature resistance, high strength, fiber, etc.
Aluminum foil (alfol) is a new heat-insulating material, which is a tape of corrugated paper with aluminum foil glued on the crest of the corrugations.This type of heat-insulating material, unlike any porous material, combines the low thermal conductivity of the air trapped between the sheets of aluminum foil with the high reflectivity of the surface of the aluminum foil itself. For thermal insulation purposes, aluminum foil is produced in rolls up to 100 mm wide and 0.005-0.03 mm thick.
The practice of using aluminum foil in thermal insulation has shown that the optimal thickness of the air gap between the foil layers should be 8-10 mm, and the number of layers should be at least three. The density of such a layered structure made of aluminum (foil 6-9 kg / m3, thermal conductivity - 0.03 - 0.08 W / (m * C).
Aluminum foil is used as reflective insulation in heat-insulating layered structures of buildings and structures, as well as for thermal insulation of surfaces of industrial equipment and pipelines at a temperature of 300 ° C.
The main types of insulation
Modern thermal insulation materials for use in construction and repair are divided into many varieties: industrial and household, natural and artificial, flexible and rigid thermal insulation materials, etc.
For example, in terms of form, modern thermal insulation is divided into samples such as:
In terms of structure, the following types of thermal insulation are distinguished with their own unique feature:
By the type of raw materials, such products of various quality classes are distinguished:
- Organic, natural or natural insulation materials are cork bark, cellulose wool, expanded polystyrene, wood fiber, foam plastic, paper granules, peat. These types of building insulation materials are used exclusively indoors to minimize high humidity. However, natural building thermal insulators are not fireproof.
- Inorganic thermal insulation materials - rocks, fiberglass, foam glass, mineral wool insulation, foamed rubber, aerated concrete, stone wool, basalt fiber. A good heat insulator from this category is characterized by a high degree of vapor permeability and fire resistance. Insulation with a product with water-repellent additives is especially effective.
- Mixed - perlite, asbestos, vermiculite and other insulation made of foamed rocks. They are distinguished by the best quality and, of course, increased cost. These are the most expensive brands of the best thermal insulation materials. Therefore, premises are covered with such insulation much less often than with more economical materials.
If you need to make thermal insulation of the pipeline in the wall, then special "sleeves" of high density are used for this.
Determining the best product does not only depend on the price. They are chosen for their quality characteristics, ergonomic properties and environmental friendliness.
Organic thermal insulation materials.
Organic thermal insulation materials, depending on the nature of the feedstock, can be conditionally divided into two types: materials based on natural organic raw materials (wood, woodworking waste, peat, annual plants, animal hair, etc.), materials based on synthetic resins, the so-called thermal insulation plastics.
Organic thermal insulation materials can be rigid and flexible. The rigid ones include wood-based, wood-fiber, fibrolite, arbolite, reed and peat, and flexible - construction felt and corrugated cardboard. These insulating materials are characterized by low water and biological resistance.
Wood fiber insulation boards are obtained from wood waste, as well as from various agricultural waste (straw, reeds, fire, corn stalks, etc.). The board manufacturing process consists of the following main operations: crushing and grinding of wood raw materials, impregnation of the pulp with a binder, forming, drying and trimming the boards.
Fiber boards are produced with a length of 1200-2700, a width of 1200-1700 and a thickness of 8-25 mm. According to their density, they are divided into insulating (150-250 kg / m3) and insulating-finishing (250-350 kg / m3). The thermal conductivity of insulating boards is 0.047-0.07, and that of insulation-finishing boards is 0.07-0.08 W / (m- ° C). The ultimate bending strength of the slabs is 0.4-2 MPa. Fiberboard has high sound insulation properties.
Insulation and insulation - finishing boards are used for heat and sound insulation of walls, ceilings, floors, partitions and floors of buildings, acoustic insulation of concert halls and theaters (suspended ceilings and wall cladding).
Arbolite is made from a mixture of cement, organic fillers, chemical additives and water. As organic aggregates, crushed waste of wood species, chopping of reeds, a fire of hemp or flax, etc. are used. mixtures into molds and its compaction, hardening of molded products.
Thermal insulation materials from plastics. In recent years, a fairly large group of new thermal insulation materials from plastics has been created. The raw materials for their manufacture are thermoplastic (polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane)
and thermosetting (urea - formaldehyde) resins, gas-forming and foaming agents, fillers, plasticizers, dyes, etc. In construction, plastics of a porous-cellular structure are most widely used as heat- and sound-insulating materials. The formation in plastics of cells or cavities filled with gases or air is caused by chemical, physical or mechanical processes or a combination of these.
Depending on the structure, thermal insulation plastics can be divided into two groups: foamed plastics and cellular plastics. Foam plastics are called cellular plastics with low density and the presence of non-communicating cavities or cells filled with gases or air. Porous plastics are porous plastics, the structure of which is characterized by interconnecting cavities. Of greatest interest for modern industrial construction are polystyrene foam, polyvinyl chloride foam, polyurethane foam and mipora. Expanded polystyrene is a material in the form of a white solid foam with a uniform closed-cell structure. Expanded polystyrene is produced by the PSBS brand in the form of plates with a size of 1000x500x100 mm and a density of 25-40 kg / m3. This material has a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W / (m- ° C), the maximum temperature of its application is 70 ° C. Plates made of expanded polystyrene are used to insulate the joints of large-panel buildings, insulate industrial refrigerators, and also as sound-insulating gaskets.
What parameters should you pay attention to when choosing?
The choice of quality thermal insulation depends on many parameters. They take into account both the installation methods, and the cost, and other important characteristics, which are worth dwelling on in more detail.
Choosing the best heat-saving material, you must carefully study its main characteristics:
- Thermal conductivity. This coefficient is equal to the amount of heat that in 1 hour passes through 1 m of an insulator with an area of 1 m2, measured by W. The thermal conductivity index directly depends on the degree of surface moisture, since water passes heat better than air, that is, the raw material will not cope with its tasks.
- Porosity. This is the proportion of pores in the total volume of the heat insulator. The pores can be open or closed, large or small. When choosing, the uniformity of their distribution and appearance are important.
- Water absorption.This parameter shows the amount of water that can be absorbed and retained in the pores of the heat insulator in direct contact with a humid environment. To improve this characteristic, the material is subjected to hydrophobization.
- Density of thermal insulation materials. This indicator is measured in kg / m3. Density shows the ratio of mass to volume of a product.
- Humidity. Shows the amount of moisture in the insulation. Sorption humidity indicates the balance of hygroscopic humidity in conditions of different temperature indicators and relative humidity.
- Water vapor permeability. This property shows the amount of water vapor passing through 1 m2 of insulation in one hour. The unit of measurement for steam is mg, and the temperature of the air inside and outside is taken as the same.
- Resistant to biodegradation. A heat insulator with a high degree of biostability can withstand the effects of insects, microorganisms, fungi and in high humidity conditions.
- Strength. This parameter indicates the impact on the product will have transportation, storage, installation and operation. A good indicator is in the range from 0.2 to 2.5 MPa.
- Fire resistance. All parameters of fire safety are taken into account here: the flammability of the material, its flammability, smoke-generating ability, as well as the degree of toxicity of combustion products. So, the longer the insulation resists the flame, the higher its fire resistance parameter.
- Thermal stability. The ability of a material to resist temperatures. The indicator demonstrates the level of temperature, after reaching which the material's characteristics, structure will change, and its strength will also decrease.
- Specific heat. It is measured in kJ / (kg x ° C) and thus demonstrates the amount of heat that is accumulated by the thermal insulation layer.
- Frost resistance. This parameter shows the ability of the material to tolerate temperature changes, freeze and thaw without losing its main characteristics.
When choosing thermal insulation, you need to remember about a whole range of factors. It is necessary to take into account the main parameters of the insulated object, conditions of use, and so on. There are no universal materials, since among the panels, bulk mixtures and liquids presented on the market, it is necessary to choose the type of thermal insulation that is most suitable for a particular case.
16 popular materials: advantages and disadvantages of the best insulation
The market of insulation materials is represented by a huge variety of assortments. The most commonly used types are discussed below.
Basalt wool
It is a fibrous material. Of all types of insulation, it is the most popular, since the technology for its use is simple, and the price is low.
Advantages:
- Refractoriness;
- Good noise isolation;
- Frost resistance;
- High porosity.
Disadvantages:
- On contact with moisture, the heat retention properties are reduced;
- Low strength;
- Application requires additional material - film.
Glass wool
Manufacturing technology implies a similar composition with glass. Hence the name of the material. Benefits:
- Great soundproofing;
- High strength;
- Moisture protection;
- Resistant to high temperatures.
Disadvantages:
- Short service life;
- Less thermal insulation;
- Formaldehyde in the composition (not all).
Foam glass
For the manufacture of this material in production, glass powder and gas-generating elements are used. Pros:
- Waterproof;
- Frost resistance;
- High fire resistance.
Minuses:
- High price;
- Air tightness.
Thermal insulation of pipes. | Mineral wool boards P75, P125, P175. | PPZh-200 | Heat-insulating stitched mats
Thermal insulation and thermal insulation materials.
For many thousands of years, people have tried to make their home the most comfortable for living.Comfort is influenced by a wide variety of factors. Thermal insulation is one of the main factors. Our ancestors, building their homes, paid special attention to its insulation. When building houses of wood, they always insulated joints or crevices with moss or tow. Today, rapidly developing technologies have significantly improved and simplified the methods of thermal insulation. New technological heat-insulating materials replaced turf, moss, felt and tow. Today's materials are also versatile, since they perform both their direct function of thermal insulation and a number of other useful functions, such as noise and vibration isolation. Do not forget that when choosing a heat-insulating material, it is necessary to pay attention to the goals that we pursue and what we want to achieve as a result. At the moment, they produce a huge selection of materials for insulation. The main differences lie in the materials used in the production of their strength, as well as thermal conductivity and flammability. Today we cannot imagine even a small construction without thermal insulation. And innovations and new technologies for the production of thermal insulation materials allow us to insulate literally everything - from the foundation to the roof. For each specific element of housing (basement, floor, walls, roof), you should use your specific type of thermal insulation that is most suitable in terms of characteristics. Do not forget that a properly insulated room needs less heating, which has a positive effect on economic losses. For a competent choice of thermal insulation materials, as well as their use, you should contact professionals. As a result, you can get up to 50% energy savings. From all of the above, the conclusion follows - thermal insulation plays a huge role in the life, work and rest of a person.
Types of thermal insulation materials
Thermal insulation materials from basalt rocks
Basalt insulation
produced on the basis of basalt fibers, which are obtained by melting basalt rocks with the addition of a binder to shape. Basalt thermal insulation is not only excellent at conserving heat, but it is also an excellent soundproofing material and fire protection. Basalt fiber is classified into two main types:
Continuous basalt fiber. Staple basalt fiber.
Thermal insulation material vermiculite
In the production of thermal insulation materials such a mineral as vermiculite is used. Expanded vermiculite is mainly used in the production. Vermiculite
- This mineral with a layered structure belongs to the group of hydromicas. Looks
vermiculite
as a combination of crystals of golden yellow or brown color. When vermiculite is heated, threads of a golden or silver color are formed with a division in diameter into very thin scales - this is expanded vermiculite. Vermiculite is usually used with various impurities and rarely in its original form. In addition to the various uses of vermiculite in economic activities, good thermal insulation materials are also made from it. Thanks to vermiculite, these materials are not subject to rotting and decomposition, are not interesting to insects and rodents, and the elasticity of the structure gives a significant advantage over other heat-insulating materials.
Thermal insulation based on expanded polypropylene.
Expanded polypropylene
mainly used for packaging. They are used to pack various breakable goods (glass, dishes.). It is a cylindrical granule, consisting of a large number of closed cells filled with air. It is now widely used as a thermal insulation material.
Foamed polyethylene insulation material.
Foamed polyethylene
was invented in 1900.It is an elastic, environmentally friendly material that is excellent for thermal insulation of premises. The main component of this material is polyethylene, which is foamed with a butane-propane mixture. This material consists of closed pores and has a smooth surface and a high degree of elasticity.
Main advantages:
- Low coefficient of water absorption.
- Excellent material for thermal insulation
Wood fiber insulation material.
It is an environmentally friendly material made from softwood fibers without the use of synthetics. Fiberboard
are widely used in residential and civil construction and are a very effective thermal insulation material. Plates are made in the form of a sheet made by deep processing of wood. The boards do not contain toxic substances that could be released during operation. During the production of wood fiber processing, the porosity and strength of the boards can be adjusted. The density range of the slabs starts from 160 and ends with 280 kg / m3, and the dimensions and width of the slabs can be agreed with the manufacturer.
Main advantages:
- Is a good thermal insulation material
- Soundproofing
- Non-toxic, easily recyclable material
Liquid insulation materials.
Liquid insulation materials
, like solid ones, have excellent thermal insulation properties. The main component of liquid thermal insulation is ceramic or silicone balls (spheres) of different diameters with rarefied air. These balls (spheres) are located inside a latex mixture with various acrylic weaves. Also, various additives are added to the above ingredients in order to avoid the appearance of corrosion. This type of insulation is applied like paint, and after hardening, the material forms an insulating layer. Which are not inferior in their characteristics to standard heaters, and in what it wins. For example, some manufacturers claim that their
liquid insulation
1mm thick. replaces 5-6 cm. of mineral wool.
Main advantages:
- Possesses good hydro and thermal insulation
- Corrosion protection
- Easy to apply and easy to repair
- Long service life, fire resistant and environmentally friendly.
Combined thermal insulation material.
TO combined heat-insulating materials
the so-called removable insulation applies. This insulation is used for manholes, flanges, fittings, heat exchangers, fittings, turbines and compressors. The temperature range ranges from -40 to +700 C. Products from different manufacturers have different characteristics, both in composition and in the field of application. Usually,
combined thermal insulation materials
consist of 2 layers. The inner layer is filled directly with insulation (mineral wool, glass wool or foamed rubber) and the outer layer is made of reinforced glass fabric with various polymer, polyester additives.
Main advantages:
- Fast payback and reduction of energy losses up to 95%, as well as durability up to 30 years
- Easy to install, reusable
- Heat and sound insulation
Silica thermal insulation materials.
Silica materials
very resistant to high temperatures. They can be safely used at temperatures of 1000 degrees C. They can begin to melt and evaporate at temperatures above 1700 degrees C. Silica fibers are an excellent material for the production of thermal insulation, namely, silica mats. Silica mats are produced in the form of a fiber encased in silica fabrics. These mats are used to insulate areas with high temperature indicators (1000-1700 C).Silica material is both excellent thermal insulation and thermal protection. Most often
silica thermal insulation materials
used at nuclear power plants, oil refineries, as well as in military production, where high temperatures are used.
Main advantages:
- The material is inert
- Excellent warmth - protection and insulation
- Not afraid of high temperatures
Thermal insulation material based on mineral wool boards and mats.
Application mineral wool boards and mats as heat-insulating material
is one of the main methods of insulation. Mineral wool slabs are made by melting rocks with the addition of a synthetic binder to shape. Also, various additives can be added to the boards to impart the necessary properties. Mineral slabs are a versatile insulation that can be used to insulate almost anything. Mineral wool mats, in their characteristics, are very similar to slabs, the only difference is the appearance. Plates are manufactured in accordance with GOST 9573-96 and are divided into three main categories
P-75, P-125, P-175.
Mats meet the parameters of GOST 21880-94 and, like slabs, have three main categories 75,100,125. For mineral wool mats and slabs, various covers (on one or both sides) can be applied to enhance the required properties. Both mats and slabs are classified as non-combustible materials (NG). TO
mineral wool insulation materials
can use hydrophobized additives to protect against moisture.
Main advantages:
- Excellent thermal insulation properties
- Belongs to the class of non-combustible materials (NG)
- Improving sound insulation
- Durability
Thermal insulation material Penoizol (porous foam)
Penoizol thermal insulation material
Is a material from a new generation of thermal insulation foams with impressive thermal insulation properties. This material has a very low density from 8 to 25 kg / m3. Resistant to fire and not interesting to rodents. Penoizol manufacturers claim that the service life is at least 35 years. This material is not fire retardant and belongs to the group of normally combustible materials (G3).
Penoizol thermal insulation material
used in low-rise construction, as well as in the construction of various warehouses, garages, hangars, boxes.
Main advantages:
- Does not allow moisture to enter the room
- Quick installation and not high material costs.
- Low thermal conductivity
PPU pipes, telindry
Thermal insulation material foam glass
Thermal insulation material foam glass
has excellent heat and sound insulation qualities, although it was originally conceived as a floating material. Foam glass is produced in two main ways: by sintering glass powder (obtained from broken glass) with blowing agents such as limestone or anthracite, or by sintering certain volcanic rocks with blowing agents of the same type. When particles are sintered, the emitted gases form a huge number of pores. The porosity of foam glass ranges from 80-95%. The foam glass is quite dense from 150-250 kg / m3.
Foam glass as an insulating material
used in industrial and civil construction, as well as for the isolation of industrial equipment. Produced in the form of slabs or blocks.
Main advantages:
- Thermal insulation properties
- Water resistance
- Environmentally and hygienically safe
- Non-flammable
Thermal insulation material perlite
Thermal insulating material perlite
obtained by firing grains of volcanic rocks such as transfusion, vitrophyre, obsidian. As you know, the overflow contains from 1 to 3% water. When exposed to high temperatures, this water begins to turn into steam and be released. As a result, the material swells (expanded perlite).As a rule, porous materials are distinguished by good waterproofing, which cannot be said about expanded perlite, its water absorption is high.
Heat-insulating material perlite
used in metallurgy when working with melts. Perlite is also used in residential and industrial construction. The use of perlite material in the form of expanded sand for the manufacture of thermal insulation materials helps to increase the thermal insulation properties by up to 50% and helps to significantly reduce the weight of the original structure by up to 40%. Also, the material perlite is an excellent sorbent; it is used for bottling oil and other liquid hydrocarbons. Quite often they are used as a filter material in the food and chemical industries.
Main advantages:
- Good heat insulator
- Lightweight and durable
Thermal insulation materials based on polyester fibers (Polyester)
Thermal insulation material polyester
it is a fiber based on synthetic fibers obtained by forming melts of polyethylene terephthalate or derivatives. Obtained by processing plastic containers. The material does not absorb water. It can only accumulate on the surface of the material, and thanks to the excellent vapor permeability of the thermal insulation, it quickly disappears.
Thermal insulation material polyester
retains its working properties for over 50 years. Belongs to the class of low-combustible materials, does not form dust and does not shrink. According to manufacturers, nano-technologies are used to create polyester fiber, which gives the material certain properties.
Main advantages:
- Excellent heat and waterproofing performance
- Durability over 50 years
Resol thermal insulation materials
Resol thermal insulation materials
are made of polystyrene with the addition of resole phenol-formaldehyde resins. The main component of these boards is the best thermal insulation material given to us by nature - air (98%). The material interacts well with various mixtures, glue. Very easy to install. You can easily cut the insulation with a knife. The material is most often used for insulating various buildings for industrial and residential purposes, insulating pipes and pipelines.
Main advantages:
- Low thermal conductivity
- Belongs to the category of combustible materials (G1)
- Breathable material
Thermal insulation materials sovelitSovelite thermal insulation materials
consist of a mixture of light carbonate salts such as asbestos, magnesium or potassium obtained from dolomite. After the material is shaped, it is calcined at a temperature of 500-600 C. The material can withstand temperatures up to 500 degrees C. Sovelite is produced in the form of plates, shells, as well as various segments.
Thermal insulation material sovelit
in finished form has a density of 450 kg / m3. They are used for thermal insulation of industrial equipment and pipelines, as well as steam boilers. The material retains its properties for a long time without contact with atmospheric air. For thermal insulation purposes, sovelite is used in 2 types. As covelite powder and covelite slabs. Sovelmtovy powder, when combined with water, gives a mastic with good thermal insulation properties. Main advantages:
- Good heat insulator
Thermal insulation materials: fiberglass, fiberglass, fiberglass.
These types
thermal insulation material
are a fiber made of very thin glass filaments. In this form, glass acquires characteristics that are not characteristic of itself: it does not break, does not break and becomes flexible. The density of this material ranges from 200 to 500 g / m2. The materials are environmentally friendly and do not lose their properties at temperatures up to 350 C.
Fiberglass, fiberglass mesh, fiberglass
It is widely used in the production of thermal insulation materials as a covering material.This type of covering material gives special properties to thermal insulation. Fiberglass, fiberglass mesh, fiberglass is used in these types of thermal insulation materials:
wired mats
,
BCH
,
MBOR
.
Main advantages:
- Strength
- Rigidity. Retains the shape of the material.
- Belongs to the class of non-combustible materials, does not rot.
Hemp insulation materials.
Hemp insulation materials
belong to the class of environmentally friendly heaters, as they do not contain harmful additives. This type of thermal insulation is produced in canvas or in a roll and is distinguished by its durability and high functionality. Heat-insulating materials based on hemp are used to insulate the roof, walls and floor. This type of material is widely used in Europe. There are factories in Germany for the production of
hemp insulation material
where they produce insulation according to high German standards and norms.
Main advantages:
- Environmentally friendly product
- Creates a comfortable microclimate in the room, regulates humidity
- Good thermal insulation properties
Thermal insulation materials from Flax.
Linen based thermal insulation material
is environmentally friendly, natural. Flax-based insulation is used in both low-rise and wooden housing construction. The material naturally regulates the indoor climate, prevents condensation, protects wood and plaster from moisture. Due to its environmental friendliness, the material can be used in medical and children's institutions.
Flax based thermal insulation materials
used for heat and sound insulation of ceilings, internal partitions and roofs, ceilings and external walls, floors. Materail does not contain binders.
Main advantages:
- Environmentally friendly product
- Creates a comfortable indoor climate, does not absorb moisture.
- Durable
- Non-electrostatic
Cellulose based thermal insulation.
Cellulose insulation materials
usually consist of 81 percent processed and expanded cellulose and 19 percent natural boric materials. Boron materials impart fire retardant properties to thermal insulation and protect against insects. Newsprint (waste paper) is used as the main raw material. The density of the material ranges from 30 to 55 kg / m3.
Cellulose based thermal insulation material
most often used to insulate attic floors, pitched roofs, internal partitions and enclosing structures.
Main advantages:
- Excellent sound and thermal insulation properties
- Environmentally friendly material
- Prevents condensation of water vapor, does not require a vapor barrier.
Thermal insulation made of staple fiberglass.
Staple thermal insulation material
this is ordinary glass turned into the finest translucent threads. These threads are obtained by exposing glass to high temperatures (1200 degrees Celsius) and further stretching into the finest threads (0.1-20 microns.). The thickness of the thread depends on the speed of drawing and winding the threads on the bobbin. Fiberglass has the following properties: strength, flexibility, fire and chemical resistance.
Staple thermal insulation material
produced according to GOST 10499–95. The density of the material ranges from 15-200 kg / m3.
Main advantages:
- Excellent sound and thermal insulation properties
- Refers to the group of non-combustible materials (NG)
- Biostable
- Elastic
Thermal insulation type extruded polystyrene foam
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